Quick links to information on this page:

• Applications
• Advantages
• Specifications
• Applied to human sections
• Applied to transgenic mouse
• APP Mouse model
• PS-1/APP Mouse model
• Links of interest

Applications:

• Stain for Alzheimer's pathology.

• Applicable for humans and transgenic (Alzheimer's) models.

Advantages:

• Capable of staining both Alzheimer's plaques and tangles.

• Provides capability to assess a drug's capability to prevent diffuse plaques from maturing.

• Less expensive to execute than the antibody method: Large quantities of sections are processed the same day with no overnight antibody incubation required.

• Yields high contrast images amenable to densitometric analysis.

• Reveals multiple Alzheimer's features, while antibody stains are feature specific.

  **This stain is performed exclusively by NSA.

Click here to view and listen to a replay of our webcast topic featuring the Campbell-Switzer Stain.

Click here to listen to Dr. Switzer's interview on NSA's contribution to accelerate research on Alzheimer's disease.

Specifications:

• Use either perfusion solution 2 or 3 for optimized staining.

The Campbell-Switzer stain was developed to be a high contrast stain that easily permits the image analysis of the neuritic plaques and neurons with neurofibrillary tangles that are the hallmark pathologic features of Alzheimer's disease. Both diffuse and amyloid core plaques are displayed. When combined with MultiBrainTM Technology, we are able to process very large freeze-cut free floating sections that are ideal for qualitative and quantitative image analysis. Traditional stains, such as the Bielschowsky method, were designed exclusively for sections cut from paraffin blocks. Using the Campbell-Switzer method on freeze-cut free floating sections allows for a superior staining process as well as capacity for staining larger sections (Campbell- Switzer may be applied to paraffin sections as well). Plaques are revealed in high contrast against a pale background, ideal for image analysis.

Campbell-Switzer Method Applied to Human Sections:

In the hemisphere of this Alzheimer's disease case (right and below), the pathology is very advanced as indicated by the high density of plaques in the cortex as well as striatum and thalamus. In spite of this density, relatively few plaques have amyloid cores. In addition, the neurons with neurofibrillary tangles are in the hippocampus and subiculum.

Neuritic plaques in striatum	Neurons with neurofibrillary tangles

Campbell-Switzer Applied to a Transgenic Mouse

The Campbell-Switzer stain was designed for human sections. As transgenic mouse models were developed, NSA adapted the stain to work equally well for mice. Advances in biochemical and genetic characterization of the amyloid associated with Alzheimer's pathology and in transgenic techniques have allowed the creation of transgenic mice that develop amyloid plaques very similar to those found in human Alzheimer's Pathology.

APP Mouse Model
The APP transgenic mouse has been the most popularly used model with neuritic plaques conspicuously displayed by the age of 12-13 months of age. PS-1/APP Mouse Model

The development of transgenic mice that are doubly transgenic for APP and presenilin-1 (PS-1) yielded mice that developed plaques at a much earlier age than the singly transgenic APP mouse.

The burden of plaques in both transgenic models can be readily assessed in sections stained with the Campbell-Switzer method using modern image analysis techniques.

Helpful links:

• Contrasting the Campbell-Switzer Method with Antibody for Aß amyloid
• The original abstract introducing the Campbell-Switzer Method Quantitative Analysis of Staining Results
• NSA offers digital, systematic analysis of the stained sections from the Campbell-Switzer stain. For details, refer to Image Analysis web page.